Large, extreme disturbances such as volcanic eruptions or glacier retreat ... This type of succession is often called primary succession, as the soil, as well as all characteristic organisms ...
Associated Press/U.S. Geological Survey The eruption is occurring within the Halemaʻumaʻu crater in an area closed to the public since late 2007. Primary hazards include high levels of volcanic ...
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory said in its most recent update that the eruption "has stabilized within ... of the summit," are the "primary hazard of concern," the USGS said. Fine volcanic particles ...