Carp and pike are currently considered invasive in Spain and have been blamed for causing significant damage to ecosystems in the country. But is Philip II ultimately responsible for this?

The so-called Golden Age of Spain had many tarnished secrets, and King Philip II was behind the darkest of them. Cold, cruel, and inflexible in his ways, Philip viewed himself as the pious hero of ...

In 1561, King Philip II of Spain established Madrid as his capital, largely because its central location made it a handy base for his frequent tours of the realm. Nearly 500 years later, ...

Philip II of Spain - the most powerful monarch of the early modern period - was married to Queen Mary Tudor from 1554 until her death in 1558. But Philip was not merely Mary's King Consort.

Why is Philip II of Spain being repeatedly referred to as Emperor, in articles about de Valette’s sword? Upon the abdication of his father, Emperor Charles V, the (Holy Roman) Empire passed to ...

Part of a formidable “Armada” sent by King Philip II of Spain to conquer the kingdom of his archenemy, Queen Elizabeth I of England, the armed merchantmen had already made a remarkable odyssey.