OTTAWA—Canada’s Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland quit the Liberal government cabinet Monday, a surprise departure that casts further doubts about how long Prime Minister Justin Trudeau can hold on to his job given the government’s deep unpopularity.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s hold on power was threatened on Monday after the deputy prime minister who led Canada’s response to the first Trump administration resigned abruptly, in a stinging rebuke to the country’s leader.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau faced frustrated MPs at a hastily arranged caucus meeting late Monday following Chrystia Freeland's shocking decision to resign from cabinet just before she was poised to deliver the government's much-anticipated fall economic statement.