A retrospective 3-year review. Inclusion: patients having DSG for epiphora with delayed tear clearance, lacrimal system patency on syringing, and no visible external cause for watering.

Diagnosis Clinical tests for testing tear drainage are as follows: Dilatation & Irrigation (syringing), Johne’s dye test, Schirmer’s test, dacryocystogram and lacrimal scintillogram.

Introduction The lacrimal drainage system is made up of a succession of rivers, holes and lakes. First are the palpebral rivers, which run along the palpebral margins. These superficial rivers end ...

The first component is functional and consists of the lacrimal pump. During blinking, the contraction of deep heads of pretarsal and preseptal orbicularis leads to a suction effect that draws the ...

Functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO) is a diagnosis often given to patients presenting with epiphora, but in whom there is no clinically apparent abnormality of the eyelid and lacrimal ...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the effect of various infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (strain H-120) vaccine doses and routes of immunization on specific lacrimal and serum ...