Purpose: To examine the issue of pain assessment in infants by acquiring all available published pain assessment tools and evaluating their reported reliability, validity, clinical utility, and ...

Premature babies admitted to NICUs may undergo about 14 painful procedures a day, such as punctures, tube placements, or diagnostic tests. For decades, it was assumed that neonates experienced little ...

The testing of vision in infants and children has been treated separately from the testing of adults because infants and children often cannot be tested with the same materials and techniques as ...