In Earth’s early days, more than 4 billion years ago, the surface was a dangerous and unpredictable place. Violent volcanoes, crashing meteorites, and constant tectonic activity repeatedly resurfaced ...

The site of the oldest rocks on Earth, about 18 miles from Inukjuak, in Nunavik, Canada. Gray rocks uncovered in northern Nunavik, Quebec, Canada may be the ultimate primordial find. The stones date ...

The ancient history of Earth has always been hard to read. Most of the planet’s earliest crust has been lost, buried, or melted by geologic processes over billions of years. The rare remnants that ...

A new analysis of ancient grains of crystal embedded in rock from the Australian outback suggests Earth had dry land and fresh water some 4 billion years ago — a time when scientists had thought the ...

Scientists have recently made an exciting discovery that could offer crucial insight into Earth’s earliest geological history. Researchers from Canada and France suggest that the Nuvvuagittuq ...

The Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt (NGB) – a complex geological sequence in northeastern Canada – harbors surviving fragments of Earth’s oldest crust, dating back to ~4.16 billion years old, according ...

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- 1 Why Hadean? -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Organization of This Book -- 1.2.1 A Brief Overview -- 1.2.2 Chapter Themes -- 1.3 Defining the ...

An artistic reconstruction of Earth during the Hadean eon (~4.5 billion years ago). Intense volcanic activity, heat from accretion, and frequent impacts kept the young Earth in a molten state. This ...

From Earth’s oldest rocks to glowing swamp lights and hidden ocean life, scientists in 2025 uncovered clues beneath our feet ...

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